Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) is a hormonal health condition that manifests in women of childbearing age. Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome was previously known as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
PMOS may result in irregular menstrual cycles. Alternatively, you may experience periods that extend for an extended period. Additionally, you may experience male-pattern hair growth, which is referred to as hirsutism, as a result of an excess of a group of hormones known as androgens in your body. PMOS is prompted by the effects of androgen and modifications in the body’s utilisation of insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar.
PMOS may result in the development of numerous small fluid sacs along the outer margin of the ovary. Cysts are the term used to describe these. Immature embryos are contained within the small, fluid-filled cysts. These are referred to as follicles. These follicles are incapable of consistently releasing ova.
The precise cause of PMOS is unknown; however, genetic and lifestyle factors may contribute. Weight management and early diagnosis and treatment may reduce the likelihood of developing long-term health issues, including heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
Signs and symptoms
Polyendocrine metabolic syndrome (PMOS) symptoms frequently manifest during the initial menstrual cycle. After experiencing periods for an extended period, symptoms may manifest at a later time.
The symptoms of PMOS are unpredictable and can evolve over time. Some women with PMOS may experience symptoms that are extremely severe, while others may experience minimal symptoms or no symptoms at all. PMOS is diagnosed when at least two of the following symptoms are present:
- Periods that are irregular: PMOS can result in periods that are less predictable. It is possible to have periods that are significantly spaced apart or to miss them. For instance, you may have fewer than eight periods annually. Additionally, they may be separated by more than 35 days. However, you may experience periods that are heavier, last for an extended period, or occur more frequently than usual. Additionally, you may experience difficulties in conceiving or cease to have menstrual cycles.
2. The effect of androgen is excessive: The presence of high levels or high activity of the hormones known as androgens can result in an increase in facial and body hair, particularly in areas where males typically grow hair. This condition is referred to as hirsutism. It frequently manifests on the back, upper thighs, chest, sideburns, or jaw. In some cases, severe acne or male-pattern hair loss on the scalp may also occur.
3. Polycystic ovaries: It is possible that your ovaries are marginally larger than they are typically. It is also possible that you have numerous small, fluid-filled sacs located around the perimeter of your ovaries. Follicles are the term used to describe these sacs, which contain immature embryos. Nevertheless, the embryos are frequently not released due to the ovaries’ malfunction. PMOS is not indicated by the presence of large ovarian follicles.
In individuals with obesity, PMOS symptoms are typically more severe.
When should one consult with a physician?
Please consult with your healthcare provider if you are experiencing symptoms of excess androgen, are experiencing difficulty conceiving, or are concerned about your menstrual cycle. Acne, male-pattern hair loss, and new hair growth on the face and body are potential examples.
Factors
The precise aetiology of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) is unknown. The majority of experts believe that there are numerous factors that could potentially contribute, such as:
- Insulin resistance: Insulin may not be well-received by the body in PMOS. The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone. It enables cells to utilise sugar, which is the primary source of energy in the body. Blood sugar levels increase when cells fail to respond to insulin as they should. Your body then produces additional insulin in an effort to reduce blood sugar levels.
Dark, velvety regions of skin on the lower part of the neck, armpits, groin, or under the breasts are one symptom of insulin resistance. Other symptoms may include an increased appetite and weight gain. - Genes: Certain alleles may be associated with PMOS, according to certain studies. A higher likelihood of developing PMOS may be associated with a family history of the condition.
- An excessive amount of androgen activity: In the presence of PMOS, the body may produce an excessive amount of androgen hormones, which are present at higher levels in males. It is also possible that you have normal levels of androgen hormones, but the hormones are more active. This may result in the development of male-pattern hair growth (hirsutism) and certain types of acne. Consequently, ovulation may not occur in all cases. This implies that embryos are not released from the follicles in which they develop and do not develop regularly.
Risk variables
The risk of PMOS may be elevated by specific factors, such as having family members who have PMOS. Having obesity or being overweight may increase the likelihood of developing PMOS. PMOS may also be exacerbated by insulin resistance and excessive androgen activity.
Difficulties
Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) may result in the following complications:
- Fertility. The process of conceiving may be impeded by PMOS. Nevertheless, pregnancy is still feasible and occurs in a significant number of women with PMOS. Pregnancy prevention methods, such as birth control, should be implemented if one desires to avoid pregnancy.
- Complications of pregnancy: It is possible that you may be at an increased risk of developing gestational diabetes while pregnant. Additionally, you may be at an increased risk of developing high blood pressure during pregnancy, miscarriage, or early delivery.
- Steatotic liver disease associated with metabolic dysfunction (previously known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease): This occurs when cholesterol accumulates in the liver, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
- Metabolic syndrome: Metabolic syndrome is a collection of health issues that frequently occur concurrently. High blood pressure, high fasting blood sugar, and unhealthy cholesterol or lipids in the blood are all potential components of metabolic syndrome. Triglycerides are the term used to describe these lipids. By possessing these, your likelihood of developing heart disease and blood vessel complications can be substantially elevated.
- Prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: PMOS may increase the likelihood of developing elevated blood sugar.
- Sleep apnoea: This occurs when one ceases to breathe for brief periods during slumber.
- Mental health concerns: PMOS may induce anxiety, depression, and dietary disorders.
- Ovarian and uterine malignancy: Some women with PMOS acquire a condition that results in an excessively thickening of the uterine lining. This elevates the likelihood of endometrial cancer, which is a form of cancer that develops in the lining of the uterus. Endometrial cancer is a subtype of uterine cancer. People with PMOS are also at an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Obesity is prevalent among individuals with PMOS and can exacerbate complications.